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In: 3D Engine, Game Engine, Graphics, Review

This is the second book in the new game engine development series by acclaimed author and engine developer, Eric Lengyel. Though it is not strictly necessary to read in order, it is basically one book cut into sections, so you may want to get the first one, as well as the upcoming continuations of the series, to get the most out of it.

I found Volume 2 of Foundations of Game Engine Development to be a solid resource and a compelling sequel to the first book. Please keep in mind that this is a foundation series, which builds a solid breadth of knowledge for building a 3d game engine. It is not a state-of-the-art cookbook, and much of the coverage is of techniques that are relatively old (say from 10 years ago or more). I would not say it’s a beginner’s book, it’s more of an intermediate level introduction. You will still need to be able to read the math and code snippets, though Lengyel does well explaining things.

I’ll give a brief survey of what’s in the 400 some odd pages (clocking in at twice the length of the first volume). The author dives into color science, gamma correction, coordinate spaces, and the basics of the graphics pipeline. Then he deals with projection matrices, really basic lighting models, normal and parallax mapping, as well as light sources and shadows (including stencil shadows, which I found interesting, despite being an antiquated technique). The next chapter focuses on visibility and occlusion and the book is worth reading for this chapter alone. Here we see polygon clipping, bounding volumes (spheres and boxes), frustum culling, portal systems, and occluders. This has got to be one of the best explanations of these methods I have seen in one text, the writing is clear and the diagrams are perfect. I especially like that the whole book is in color, and all the diagrams take advantage of this and are easy to understand. Finally, the book concludes with some “advanced” techniques, like decals, billboards, volumetric light, ambient occlusion, motion blur, and god rays. Gotta have those god rays.

I really enjoyed the whole book, and I found it to be helpful, even though I might have had some understanding of most of the topics already. Going in, you should know these are not state-of-the-art techniques, nor is it a shader code cookbook. For that you are better off with a GPU Pro or GPU Zen type of book. This is a foundations book, for people wishing to code their own game engine. There are not a whole lot of books that cover this topic, I have read most of them, and this is one of the best. Many books tie themselves to one API or framework version and are quickly obsolete. While here, in Foundations of Game Engine Development, you have tried and true methods that have been incorporated into practically any engine written in the last 10 – 15 years. The engine code is in C++, and the shader code is in a high level language, but the author thankfully does not mix in any API code so all the techniques are applicable to whatever API you prefer.

Overall this book is great, as long as you know what you are getting into. It’ll probably be mostly a refresher for game engine pros, though for people starting out I think this would be a godsend. I should preface this with saying I’m still not 100% sure writing your own engine today is a good idea. If you asked me honestly, I’d probably say use Unreal or Unity and call it a day. However, if you do want to go down this path, you really can’t go wrong with this series. Recommended.

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In: Graphics, JavaScript, Review, WebGL

Don’t judge a book by its cover. This is a blockbuster tour through WebGL, with many performance optimizations and considerations not commonly found in other texts. Like typical gems collections, each chapter is written by a different author and focuses on one aspect of WebGL coding. There is a lot of coverage here, and I found the authors’ expertise to be second to none. While maybe not apt as a beginner’s tutorial, I would definitely recommend getting this if you already have some WebGL chops and want to up your game.

WebGL Insights starts with some inspection of the back-end of WebGL in Mozilla’s implementation as well as how ANGLE fits into the picture. A chapter on Emscripten and mobile optimization. Engine design from several different authors. Deferred and HDR image-based lighting. Finally ending with visualization and user interaction. While not everything here was immediately relevant for gaming, I did find lots of little nuggets of information dispersed throughout.

So overall a stellar book. I was kind of put off by the cover, but the reviews looked good and I recognized some of the authors, so I picked it up. Definitely a great book for anyone interested in WebGL coding, especially since this text covers optimization techniques not found elsewhere. As it is more of an intermediate to advanced resource, I would recommend reading a beginner’s book first if you are just starting in WebGL. Otherwise, you should definitely grab this one, well worth it.

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In: Graphics, JavaScript, Review, WebGL

Of the top WebGL books I’ve read so far, I think I can say this one is the best. Not only is it well written, but it includes lots of detail about how rendering APIs work, 3d math, lighting concepts, and even some performance considerations at the end. It’s not a very long book, but it covers the fundamentals well. I also enjoyed that the author stuck to the base WebGL API and did not confuse matters with frameworks like Three.js. He did use some libraries, like glMatrix in particular, but this is fair as coding the math by scratch (while doable) is out of scope of the material presented.

There are quite a lot of topics covered, even for a somewhat smaller book. I read on a 10″ Android tablet and everything was formatted correctly and looked nice. The author first explains what a graphics API is and the graphics pipeline. Then he goes on to show differences with other APIs like DirectX and OpenGL, and dives into 3d mathematics briefly. He continues with WebGL concepts like drawing a triangle, debugging, transformations, handling lost context and updating, textures, basic lighting techniques, and caps off with some optimizations tips. While there is quite a lot that is not included, I found the coverage to be sufficient and I could tell the author knew what he was talking about.

Overall, I feel good about this book. Andreas Anyuru is a talented author and explains everything very well, it makes it look easy. You still might want to combine this with some of the other books available to get the full picture, but this would be great as a first entry point into WebGL.

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In: Graphics, Programming, Review, WebGL

WebGL Programming Guide is the first WebGL book that I can fully recommend. The authors stick to straight WebGL code (no libraries like Three.js) and explain everything in full detail. Since they focus more on the API than anything else, most of the samples are simple things like colored triangles or spinning cubes, but that is fine to learn the basics. I liked how sometimes they would show things not to do, and what would happen, which helps with understanding the concepts.

In the book, which is around 500 pages long, Kouichi Matsuda and Rodger Lea cover many important topics including: WebGL initialization, drawing a point, a triangle with transformation, basic animation, color and texture, the GLSL language, cameras, lighting, and a shorter chapter at the end with techniques for fog, shadows, alpha blending, etc. Really a great roster for anyone looking to learn WebGL. Much appreciated are some of the tricks they show, like how to pick 3d objects with the mouse, or how to render off-screen objects to a texture, useful for shadowing or other effects. There is even a chapter detailing how to write an OBJ model importer, perfect for someone not wanting to rely on 3rd party libraries.

I especially liked how detailed the book can become, for example when explaining the differences between right and left-handed coordinate systems. Something that can be confusing to 3d novices but the authors here did a great job. They also use beginner friendly terminology for certain things, like calling depth buffering “hidden surface removal”, which was odd at first until I remembered someone new to 3d may not understand what a depth buffer is without prior knowledge. In the book, many parts of the API are listed out in charts, such as the built-in functions/variables for GLSL, function signatures for the GL context (which explan the errors you may get and return values, etc.). A very competent look at the API.

The book was well written and I did not see any obvious errors (though I did not attempt to run any of the code). Thankfully, they make the code available on the book’s website for anyone wishing to run it themselves and pick it apart. It’s honestly hard to find fault with the text. This is a great look into WebGL and a key point in your journey as a WebGL programmer. Not to be missed.

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In: Graphics, Programming, Review, WebGL

WebGL: Up and Running by Tony Parisi is a competent first introduction to 3d on the web, and the author does seem to know what he’s talking about. The book is not long, but manages to cover a variety of topics, even the source code for a complete game (simple as it may be). The chapters include: introduction to the WebGL API, setting up Three.js, rendering a mesh, animation, interaction, integrating 2d and 3d, and a game example. I would say the coverage is thin, but adequate for people starting out. The example racing game at the end was nice, and the author shows the full Javascript and HTML code, which was appreciated.

Overall, I’d say the book was decent but there are a few faults. Namely, that the book is called “WebGL: Up and Running” but there is actually very little WebGL API code in these pages. The first chapter shows some, but after that it’s all using Three.js. Don’t get me wrong, Three.js is a useful library, but I would preferred to see how to do these things using the straight API. Furthermore, the author uses his own framework built on top of Three.js, obscuring some of the core concepts. Granted, his framework looks good, but it means a good amount of the code examples in the book will not work unless you are using that framework (and I would guess you are not). That said, I still found the book helpful even if I would have preferred a more low-level survey.

I think the target audience for this book is people with web development experience but not necessarily game developers. The book does assume you know some Javascript and looks at things at the higher level, useful if you just want to embed a 3d model in a website for example. For more serious game developers, or people wanting the learn, I feel that the coverage is too cursory, and really only scratches the surface. Rather than “WebGL: Up and Running” it should have been called “Three.js: Up and Running” as that is what it is (ignoring the custom framework added on top of Three.js). Experienced developers looking to create their own engine won’t find the low-level details, and for beginners there is not really much 3d math so you won’t learn the basics here either. In this way, it’s a more practical book. Meaning if you just want to get some 3d “up and running” then this will get you there, you just may not understand why it works. But the book is well written and may be useful as a light entry into the field.

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In: Graphics, Programming, Review, WebGL

I’m a bit conflicted about this book. While there is a lot of good material here, I feel like there were many inconsistencies with the coding style and some errors or confusing explanations that deter from the gems inside. It’s also heavily geared toward complete beginners, making it somewhat of a numbing read for intermediate to advanced programmers. But I still found some reasons to like it, so please read on.

Each chapter or gem covered one focused aspect of WebGL coding. For example: creating a canvas and initializing WebGL, the graphics pipeline and shaders, some basic vector and matrix math, 3d transformations, drawing a triangle, texturing, model loading, mouse + keyboard interactions, a 3d camera, lighting, and collision detection. There is also a short chapter at the end for 2d games, but the bulk of the book is just 3d. So a decent amount of topics here, and some good fundamentals. Much appreciated too that that the author is using straight WebGL API code and not relying on 3rd party libraries.

So what is my issue here? Well, Greg Sidelnikov goes to great lengths to tell the reader that things are easy (and they may or may not be, depending on your skill level) but he could have rather displayed simple samples to illustrate the points. For instance, in the chapter on matrix math he spends about 10 pages of filler trying to sell the idea that matrices are easy, and that he doesn’t want to have long mathematical proofs in the book. However, just saying matrix math is easy doesn’t cut it. I understand the sentiment, but it just wastes time and doesn’t actually make the math easier. Later in the book he does show some examples, but he should have just removed the motivational filler and cut to the chase. I can also understand how this could be beneficial to a complete novice, but I think it does more harm than good, as at some point you actually have to have the knowledge of how things work.

My other issue is that the coding style is very inconsistent. I don’t know if this was just lack of effort or lack of understanding. For example, he shows fragment shader code like this:

gl_FragColor = color * vec4(rgb[0], rgb[1], rgb[2], 1) * texture2D(image, vec2(texture.s, texture.t));

First off, why is the rgb variable indexed like an array and the texture indexed by property? Or why not let GLSL cast these automatically? Or why create a new vec2 for texture, when texture is already a vec2? This makes no sense. The above line could be simplified into the code below, which is much more readable.

gl_FragColor = color * vec4(rgb, 1) * texture2D(image, texture);

This is just one case, but it makes me feel like the author might not have a full understanding of the code and/or copied code from various tutorials and Frankenstein’d it together. There are also less egregious problems, like inconsistent coding style, capitalization, etc. Just little things that make me question the text, like naming the shaders “smooth.vs” and “smooth.frag”. Why not use the common “vert” and “frag” extensions? Or “vs” and “fs”, if he wanted? Having two different naming conventions just looks sloppy. Or when he says an identity matrix consists of all ones, completely false information.

All that said, the book was not completely bad. One thing that was exceptional was the first chapter on 3d, he wrote a simple star-field simulation without WebGL, which was a great introduction to 3d. It’s good to understand the concepts of 3d in a simple software case before jumping into GPU programming, so this was great. Also the fact that he was using straight WebGL and not 3rd party libraries, good for learning the basics. And the WebGL API code itself was explained in a simple manner.

There were some good parts, sure, but finishing the book felt like a chore. I try to finish books that I start, and I’m sometimes surprised, but mostly my first impression is correct. The cover looked amateur, and I could tell it was self-published, but I was willing to give it a chance. While I did learn some things, I’d have to say that overall it was not great. I think especially for intermediate to advanced programmers, there is no reason to read this book. For total beginners, or maybe web developers without OpenGL knowledge, it may be useful but I’d probably still recommend starting elsewhere with a more reputable source. There are some gems here for people willing to dig, but all the little errors and inconsistencies make the final product not hold up.

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In: C++, Graphics, Programming, Review, Vulkan

So, as of this writing, I have read all 5 books available on Amazon on the Vulkan API and I would say that Vulkan Cookbook is one of the better resources out there. The format of the book is similar to other “cookbooks” you may have seen, with each recipe essentially describing one technique in a stand-alone fashion. Meaning the steps for each one will list fundamentals, like creating a logical device and all the other prerequisites, so you can easily refer back to one chapter when it’s time to implement a particular feature. I would personally recommend reading the text from front-to-back, as I think it’s a better way to learn, but you could certainly jump around and still not miss much (assuming you already have some understanding of Vulkan). Author Pawel Lapinski does a great job of showing real code for each recipe and only shows what is actually necessary for a technique. Unlike some other books, this isn’t a dry listing of the API documentation, rather the author shows practical usage of the API with some brief explanation. For this type of text, I think this works great and I imagine it would be very helpful to refer back to when it comes time to implement into your project.

Among the chapters, Lapinski covers: instances and devices, image presentation, command buffers and synchronization, resources and memory, descriptor sets, render passes and framebuffers, shaders, graphics and compute pipelines, command recording and drawing, along with some additional chapters at the end for more general graphics programming concepts like loading textures and 3d models, lighting and shadowing, and cubemapping. Each chapter itself is then broken down into smaller recipes, that could be something like “enumerating available physical devices” to “submitting a command buffer to a queue”. This is really quite a good mix of topics, and, at 700 pages, adequate coverage is given to the most commonly used parts of the Vulkan API. Having already worked through some tutorials online, and read a few other books on Vulkan, most of the topics here were things I had some familiarity toward already, but I still found the reading helpful.

Due to the tactical nature of the text, I would recommend the book for more intermediate to advanced programmers. While the author does a great job of explaining the specific steps needed to do particular actions in Vulkan, it may be helpful to at least understand some of the big picture before diving in here. I might even say this is the best book on the market today for Vulkan, though I’d probably also recommend reading it after one of the others available. It may be helpful to start with a Hello World type app in Vulkan, in which case you could first follow the awesome tutorial over at vulkan-tutorial.com, or get Kenwright’s Vulkan Graphics API: in 20 Minutes, which was a little rough but still a cheap and quick way to obtain an overview of the API. For beginners, or maybe people that want to start at a more basic level, Introduction to Computer Graphics and the Vulkan API (also by Kenwright) may be a more comfortable spot to jump in at. And the other books out there were good in their own right, though some of them didn’t move past simple function/structure documentation.

One thing I really wish is that someone could make a Vulkan book on the level of Frank Luna’s DirectX series. Luna is able to show many practical graphics programming techniques in one book, and in the end you’ll have a handful of pretty sweet demos to showcase. Though Kenwright attempts this, I still haven’t seen this really accomplished yet for Vulkan. While the end chapters of Vulkan Cookbook do dip into this territory with shadow mapping and post processing, it would be nice to see an entire book written like this. However, given that Vulkan is a relatively new API, it’s probably more useful to start with the basics, and hope that competent readers can port techniques from other APIs once they have a feeling for how things work.

Keep in mind, Vulkan is an advanced and complex topic, and a single book won’t teach you everything you need to know. While many of the Vulkan books out today have seemed to release to mixed reviews, I feel that all of them have been helpful. Even reading the same topics explained by different authors can help with knowledge understanding and retention. And there are also some unique things in each book, so I would fully recommend reading them all if you’re really serious about getting into Vulkan. I realize there are some advanced coders that can study the documentation and hit the ground running, but I find the “guided tour” offered from books to be more conducive to learning for me personally. Your opinion my differ, but I’d have to say that you can’t really go wrong with Vulkan Cookbook by Pawel Lapinski. Recommended.

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In: C++, Graphics, Programming, Review, Vulkan

Introduction to Computer Graphics and the Vulkan API by Kenwright is exactly what the title implies, an approachable introduction to the Vulkan API and graphics programming in general. This book succeeds in the places where some other books on the market fail, by showing straight-forward code examples, explaining graphics concepts simply, and not assuming you are already a graphics guru. While the quality of the text may fall short of Frank Luna’s work, this is definitely aspiring to be that kind of book, in stark contrast to some other texts which just list structure declarations and barely move past what you find in the API documentation. This is very much a practical book, and lots of source code is shown, not only for initializing Vulkan but also including the full shader code for each example. For beginners to Vulkan, I’d definitely say this is the first book to buy.

So what exactly does Kenwright’s intro book cover? The text starts with some brief background into Vulkan (though it strangely omits mentioning AMD’s contribution with Mantle), then it goes into basic 3d math with vectors, matrices, and quaternions. It explains different transformation spaces, initializing Vulkan, texturing, lighting, geometry shaders, cube maps, fog, normal and parallax mapping, instancing, tessellation, and caps off the book with shadowing. Really most of the fundamental topics are covered, and the explanations are straight-forward and digestible for a beginner (well, at least as much as something as complex as the Vulkan API in C++ can be). The math sections were more of a cursory overview, this is certainly not a math book, so it will be a light refresher for most and an adequate introduction for a beginner. The sections on texturing and lighting were also pretty basic but solid as an intro. I especially liked the geometry shader chapter, as not a lot of books cover this and I found the code examples enlightening. The chapter on tessellation was also nice, something I haven’t seen in other Vulkan books. Some of the technique chapters were short, like with cube maps and fog, but it explained the concepts decently and, as an introduction book, this was enough. Overall a solid mix of topics and with lots of code shown this is a great example text.

While I do usually prefer to read my books digitally, this item was only available as a paperback. That said, the quality of the book is great. Every page is printed in full color, and even the source code has syntax coloring, which greatly helps the readability. It’s also only 220 pages, so a fairly short read, but still managed to cover the basics. Of course, at that length, it’s not as in-depth with the actual Vulkan API spec as some of the other books on the market. It shows only enough to illustrate the concepts and get the code running. This is actually fine, as lots of the feedback of the existing material was that it was dry. This book certainly feels more engaging than what I’ve seen so far.

Kenwright did a great job with this book, and I’d certainly recommend it (especially for people just getting started with graphics programming in Vulkan). His previous Vulkan book, Vulkan Graphics API: in 20 Minutes, also came recommended by me but this one is way better. I can tell there was an editor here, or at least more effort given, as the text reads much better with proper use of the English language. However, I did find some careless mistakes in the text, such as saying a vector’s w component should be 1 (it’s really 0), or explaining a technique to set depth writing off, but then showing code with it set to true. I’m not going to penalize the author too hard here and, to be fair, the majority of programming books typically print with some mistakes. However, it does make me weary of attempting to copy any of the code line for line without more research. As I’ve mentioned before, I don’t type in or test code in books, so I can’t verify if they work. I use the books as concept references and when it comes to coding I will visit more trusted sites to get math equations, or consult the API docs. Not the end of the world, but it could confuse a novice unnecessarily.

All-in-all I would say this is a solid book. People seemed to want a more practical text on Vulkan, and I think this fits the bill. It’s certainly marketed as an introduction text, and the title holds true. The audience here is likely people with some C++ experience, but maybe not much knowledge of graphics programming. Or people with some graphics experience in other APIs, like OpenGL or DirectX, that want to get involved with Vulkan. I think it’s important to have beginner-friendly books, and this is a worthy addition to the library. Graphics experts may find the book to be too much at the novice level, but it could still be useful as a light introduction. Especially if you are deciding if you want to use Vulkan in your project and aren’t sure, I think the practical nature of this book is more helpful than some of the more technical resources available. I know some people suggest beginners start with OpenGL before delving into lower-level APIs, but I disagree. Learning Vulkan gives you a more accurate understanding of how graphics processing works, and the API will only become more ubiquitous in the coming years. While setting up Vulkan initially can be daunting, I think it’s a worthwhile excursion, and this is the best introduction I’ve seen so far. Recommended.

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In: 3D Modeling, Art, Graphics, Review

Jeremy Birn’s Digital Lighting and Rendering is a masterful treatise on digital lighting and, in my opinion, a must have on your bookshelf if you’re a 3d artist. While the text is clearly aimed at pre-rendered art, for example in animated movies or live-action effects, most of the concepts are fundamental enough to apply to lighting real-time scenes in games, or even more traditional art mediums. I found the pace to be good, and lots of important areas are covered. The chapter list includes lighting design, shadows and occlusion, environments and architecture, characters, cameras, composition, the science of color, rendering algorithms, textures, layers, production pipelines, and an appendix for getting a job in the industry. Though there are lots of books that cover specific topics or software packages (such as modeling in Maya), it’s more difficult to find higher-level books that focus on the fundamentals. Of course, it’s important to understand the tools you are using, but without a solid foundation you will likely end up making avoidable mistakes.

My interest is definitely in real-time rendering, so many of the topics were not directly relevant. However, I do have some experience with pre-rendered content creation, mostly noticeably during my time in art school, and some of the topics here were even beyond what I learned getting a 4 year degree. I will say that the material would be most apt for people doing film, and the book is certainly catering to that audience. However, in my case, I find a lot of the real-time books to be too narrowly focused on the algorithms and maths and not enough time is spent telling you how to use those methods to produce quality art. So I like looking at other sources to get a different perspective. Even in games there is some crossover, for example in cut-scenes or making promotional images, so the knowledge can still be useful. All-in-all I enjoyed the book and I would highly recommend it to any current or aspiring 3d artist.

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In: C++, Graphics, Programming, Review, Vulkan

Although the Vulkan API has been available for about a year now, it was just at the tail end of 2016 that we started to see books published on the topic. For me personally, I prefer learning from books over just reading documentation, and Vulkan Programming Guide is a fine effort. At 480 pages, it is a comfortable length, and manages to hit on a lot of major elements in the API. It is by no means comprehensive, as most of the coverage just shows function or structure prototypes (something you can likely find in the online docs) but there is at least some explanation of what each function does. I found useful the explanation of device limits (such as the maximum frame buffer size, number of bytes in a push constant, etc.) and how to query them, as I have not seen this touched in other texts. Sellers also does a great job of introducing synchronization concepts in one of the later chapters. This is absolutely essential for proper multi-threading, and I have not seen this in other books (at this depth). There is some discussion here and there to performance characteristics. Maybe not enough, but the author does attempt to give guidance on how expensive a particular call could be, or when it might hurt performance. Overall the book was solid. This will be my 3rd Vulkan book, along with a number of tutorials, and I felt there was relevant info gleaned from the text.

Vulkan Programming Guide has 13 chapters, each focusing on a key aspect of the Vulkan API. Inside these chapters are: a high-level overview of Vulkan itself, memory and resources, queues and commands, memory barriers and buffers, presentation, shaders and pipelines, graphics pipelines, drawing, geometry processing, fragment processing, synchronization, queries, and multipass rendering. Not a bad mix of topics. I don’t think anything major was left out, however, some of the coverage could be more fleshed out. While there was great detail on some things. For example, showing SPIR-V disassembly code, other topics were only given a cursory look. In particular, there is very little source code in the book. While the author goes to great lengths to show structure and function prototypes, there isn’t a whole lot of code showing actual usage. While it’s debatable if this is necessary, I would find more code examples to be useful. To be fair, the code that is shown looks good, there just needs to be more it.

All in all, I feel the book is solid and, considering Vulkan is relatively new and there aren’t that many texts available, it’s not a bad choice. One thing to note: I would recommend you start with Learning Vulkan by Parminder Singh. Learning Vulkan is a much more approachable resource, and I found it a little easier to follow. While Vulkan Programming Guide is more in-depth in many cases (in terms of the API spec itself), Learning Vulkan has a lot more C++ sample code, and may be more useful in that respect. In any case, I would buy both books because there are unique advantages in each one. Could Vulkan Programming Guide be improved? Sure. But it’s not a bad book and if you are getting into learning Vulkan today you’ll really need any and every resource you can get your hands on, and this should certainly be on your shelf.